Emperor Ku Dynasty and Emperor Zhi Dynasty of the Seven Dynasties

Emperor Ku Dynasty and Emperor Zhi Dynasty of the Seven Dynasties

"Emperor's Century" contains: "Di Ku Gaoxin's family is also the surname of Ji." According to legend, the first emperor of the Di Ku Dynasty was young, smart, eager to learn, virtuous, intelligent and capable. At the age of fifteen, he became the last emperor of the Zhuanxu Dynasty. The assistant was named in Xin (now Gaoxin Town, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province) because of his meritorious deeds, so it was called the Gaoxin family in history. "Records of the Grand Historian • The Chronicle of the Five Emperors" says: "Gao Xin was born as a god, and he speaks his own name. He is generous with all things, not in his body. Consciousness is to know the distance, and wisdom is to observe the small. Follow the righteousness of the sky and know the urgency of the people. Powerful, benevolent and trustworthy, self-cultivating and serving the world. Taking the wealth of the land and using it sparingly, educating the people and teaching them profitably, welcoming and sending them off on the day and month, knowing ghosts and spirits and respecting them. Their colors are gloomy, and their virtues are immortal. Yi. When it moves, it serves as a scholar. The emperor Kui holds on to the middle and spreads all over the world, the sun and the moon shine, the wind and rain come, and everyone obeys." The first emperor of the Emperor Ku Dynasty, he loved people and made the people benefit. , to rule the world with integrity and benevolence. Emperor Ku is a discerning man, obedient to the will of the people, and considerate of the people.

Regarding the beginning of the Diku Dynasty, like the Shaohao Dynasty, there are almost no records of the calendar and astronomical phenomena related to this Dynasty, so it is difficult to determine the dynasties. According to the research of Zhao Wang Dayou, the era of the Emperor Ku Dynasty began about 3380 BC, and the absolute upper limit of the age of the ruins of the ancient city of Xishan in Zhengzhou was 3300 BC, and the two are very similar. According to legend, before Emperor Ku, although people had the concept of the four seasons of the year, they only worked at sunrise and rested at sunset. Diku explored the laws of astronomical and phenological changes, divided the four seasons, and guided people to engage in agricultural activities in accordance with the seasons, which greatly promoted the development of social productivity, and China's agriculture and farming civilization entered a new era. "Mandarin·Luyu" says: "Di Ku can order three days to consolidate the people." This shows that the first emperor of the Di Ku Dynasty had revised the Zhuanxu calendar. Checking the "Chinese Astronomical Calendar", between 3773 BC, the first year of the Zhuanxu Dynasty, and 3300 BC, the absolute age limit of the ruins of the ancient city of Xishan, there were three celestial phenomena in the "October Solstice" in the seven northern places: On December 3, 3579 BC, "Mercury + Saturn" in Dousu, on December 3, 3522 BC, in Dousu, on December 2, 3351 BC, "Venus" in the morning +Mercury" Yu Dousu. Among them, December 2, 3351 BC should be the epoch of Emperor Kuxiu's calendar, and the other two dates seem to be too far away from the absolute age limit of the ruins of the ancient city of Xishan, so they are not considered. "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and "Emperor Century" both stated that Emperor Ku "sixty-three years, Emperor Zhi." Therefore, the first year of the Emperor Ku Dynasty was between 3414 BC and 3351 BC, and of course there were also 3351 BC. It may be the first year of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty. If this year is the beginning, the Emperor Ku Dynasty lasted about 544 years.

Regarding the experience and fate of the first emperor of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty, historical records are quite different. "Records of the Grand Historian • The Chronicle of Five Emperors" says: "The Emperor Ku collapsed, but Zhi stood on his behalf. The Emperor Zhi was not good, but the Emperor released his honors, and it was Emperor Yao." "Emperor Century" said: Emperor Zhi's mother is located in the fourth place of Emperor Ku. His wife was the last, and Zhiyu's brother was the longest. He was crowned emperor, and his half-brother Fangxun was named Marquis of Tang. Zhi reigned for nine years with mediocre talents and failed to manage the country properly. And Tang Houyao was kind and caring for the people, he was very knowledgeable in inspecting people, and he managed well, and he was famous for his virtue. Zhi felt that he was not as good as Yao's sage, so he led a group of ministers to visit Tang Hou and became Zen. The Marquis of Tang knew that he had the mandate of Heaven, so he received the emperor's Zen, and he was enfeoffed by Gaoxin. In the Qing Dynasty, Ma Su's "Yi Shi·Volume 8·Gaoxin Ji" quoted "The Compendium of the Present" also said: "The feudal debauchery is excessive, the princes abolish it, and promote Yao to be the emperor." Ma Su also added a comment later: "According to Emperor Zhi or collapsed, or Zen, or abolished, there are different opinions." According to Wang Dayou's research, the first emperor of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty was Jiang Zhi, the leader of the Qingyang clan, who lived in the Luoshui River Basin of Henan (Luoyang) Longmen South, Yichuan County), its ancestor was Diku Gaoxin, and its capital was in Junyi (now in the area of ​​Junxian, Henan Province). Jiang Jiao has a big heart and actively guides the people of other tribes to move to the highlands, avoid floods, donate food and seeds, and help the people of other tribes to settle down. Around 2800 BC, the Diku clan, the Shaohao Dongyi clan, the Gonggong clan, the Zhurong clan, the Kuafu clan, the Sanmiao clan, the Jiuli clan, the Chen Feng clan, the Zoutu clan, the Qiaoji clan, the Youtai clan At the tribal alliance meeting attended by many tribes such as the Shi, Youyu, etc., Jiang Jiao of the Qingyang clan became the new leader of the alliance. Jiang Jiao ascended the throne in Yehu City (in present-day Yichuan County, Henan Province, the exact location is not available), and established his capital here. After the flood receded, Jiang Jiao led the tribes of all ethnic groups to expand continuously. Its territory reached the sea in the east, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west, Nanling in the south, and the Altai Mountains and the Heilongjiang River in the north. Legend has it that the capitals of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty were basically located in the area of ​​Henan today, including Yichuan, Pingdingshan, Yanshi, Jiyuan, Qinyang and other places. Unfortunately, in these areas, no capital ruins that match their dates have been found so far. However, the site of the ancient city of Pingliangtai, located in the southeast of Huaiyang District, Henan Province, is the land of Wanqiu, which is the site of the Longshan Cultural City in the late Neolithic Age of China. According to historical records and geographical location analysis, Pingliangtai goes up to the Ruins of Taihao and the capital of Shennong, down to the ancient Wanqiu City of Chen State in the Western Zhou Dynasty. This ancient city site is the earliest, largest and best preserved ancient city site unearthed in China. Its absolute age is earlier than 2600 BC, which is basically the same as that of the early activities of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty. During the Emperor Zhi Dynasty, the ancient city of Liangzhu was unearthed in Yuhang area of ​​southern Zhejiang, about 2600 BC To 2300 BC, roughly the same era as the Emperor Zhi Dynasty. With a total area of ​​2.9 million square meters, the ruins of Liangzhu Ancient City are the largest and highest-level ancient city ruins discovered in China at the same time period, and can be called "the first city in China". The ruins of the ancient city of Liangzhu not only showed the existence of a larger Fang Kingdom in the south, but also confirmed the technological level of ancient ancestral city construction in the imperial era.

There is a very interesting historical record about the beginning of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty. According to the "Book of Jin·Li Lu Zhi", during the reign of Emperor Wei Wendi Cao Pi Huangchu (220-226), the official Dong Ba said to the ancient calendar: "In the past, Fuxi began to create eight trigrams and three paintings to resemble the twenty-four qi. Because of this, the Yellow Emperor first wrote "Calendar". In the past eleven years, five thousand years of menopause, all have seven calendars. Zhuanxu used today's Mengchun first month as the Yuan, when the first month of the new moon and the beginning of spring, the five stars will meet in the temple of heaven and the barracks. , Frozen start pan, stinging insects start, chickens start number three, the sky is called Zuo Shi, the earth is called Zuo Chang, people are called music, birds and beasts are all things that should not be in harmony, so the sage Zhuanxu is Lizong. Tang Zuo "Yin Li" Fufu regards the beginning of spring as the festival of the first lunar month, and the winter solstice of the November lunar month as the head of state, down to Zhou, Lu and Han, all follow its festivals, according to the four seasons. Also. "Book of Rites" Dai Dai said the calendar of Yuxia, and it was built in Mengchun, which is also called." Dongba mentioned that "Zuanxu Calendar" uses "the first month of Mengchun as the Yuan", and the calendar has three characteristics: One is the first day of the first lunar month of Jianyin, the second is the beginning of spring, and the third is that the five stars gather in the Temple of Heaven, that is, the barracks. In the article "Using Astronomical Methods to Determine the Historical Date of Zhuanxu", Zhao Yongheng and Liu Gaoqi used modern astronomical methods to study this epoch astronomical phenomenon. The only date for the condition is February 26, 2807 BC. Historical records and astronomical phenomena are correct and unique. However, is this calendar with that date as the epoch really the "Zuanxu Calendar"?

First of all, as pointed out by Mr. Zhao and Liu Er: "Since Sima Qian, many people believed that the five emperors were descended from the same line and succeeded one by one, just like several emperors before and after a certain dynasty in the later period. If each emperor ruled for a maximum of 100 years The total number of years of the five emperors will not exceed 500 years. According to the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Project", Yu was in power in 2070 BC, then the Yellow Emperor would not be earlier than 2570 BC, and Zhuanxu would not be earlier than 2470 BC. Both Zhuanxu and Huangdi are later than the aforementioned 2807 BC, which shows that the five emperors should not succeed in sequence.” This study once again proves that the so-called “five emperors” are actually five dynasties. In this way, February 26, 2807 BC cannot be the epoch of Zhuanxu Calendar.

Second, the six ancient Chinese calendars, such as the Huangdi calendar, the Zhuanxu calendar, the Xia calendar, the Yin calendar, the Zhou calendar and the Lu calendar, although the old calendars are no longer available, but in the historical records, the ancient six calendars are all "Quadian calendars", but only the upper Yuan, Jianzheng, intercalation, use time and regions are different. Among them, the Zhuanxu calendar is the Jianhai calendar, not the Jianyin calendar that Dongba said, "taking the first month of Mengchun today as the Yuan, and the first month of the first month and the beginning of spring at that time". Therefore, February 26, 2807 BC cannot be the epoch of Zhuanxu Calendar.

Third, according to Wang Dayou's "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors" (Revised Edition), the Zhuanxu Dynasty began around 3790 BC. Around 4000 BC. In Chinese history, the new dynasties generally issued the new calendar, and the so-called first year of the Zhuanxu calendar, as mentioned by Dongba, was more than 980 years apart from the first 2807 years and the first two years. Obviously, 2807 BC is even less likely to be the first year of the Zhuanxu Calendar.

According to Wang Dayou's research, the Emperor Zhi Dynasty began in 2799 BC, which is very close to 2807 BC. Wang Xiansheng did not mention the Emperor Zhi Dynasty in his dating, but there was a two-hundred-year gap between the Emperor Ku Dynasty and the Tang Yao Dynasty (this should be the Emperor Zhi era). Years are very close. Therefore, we think that February 26, 2807 BC, should be the epoch of the long-lost "Zhi Li", that is, the starting point of the Chinese Jianyin calendar. The calendar started from the Dizhi era and was extended to the Xia Dynasty. After the interruption of the Yin, Shang, Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the "Taichu Calendar" was built in the early Han Dynasty, and Jianyin's "Zhi Calendar" was reused until today (now called "Xia Li"). . According to Wang Dayou's research, the first Emperor Jiang Jiao of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty reigned for 31 years, so the starting year of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty should be between 2838 BC and 2807 BC. Of course, 2807 BC may also be the starting year of the Emperor Zhi Dynasty. . Starting from this year, the Emperor Zhi Dynasty lasted about 330 years.