[The famous battle of Luoyang]
Luoyang has been a strategic hub in the Central Plains since ancient times, and a place where military strategists must compete. In the early years of the Xia Dynasty, a famous battle between Xia Qi and the Youhu tribe, the Battle of Gan , took place here (there are also sayings that it happened in other places). This war was the first war after China entered a class society. It completely ended the democratic concession system of primitive tribes, and the Xia Dynasty, which represented the emerging slave autocratic society, was consolidated and developed .
war background
The 21st century BC is the end of primitive society. At that time, due to the development of productive forces , private ownership emerged, so the class antagonism between slave owners and slaves was relatively obvious. The formation of the state is in the process of gestation. The democratic abdication system of the tribal alliance in primitive society has been developing for hundreds of years from the Yellow Emperor to Yao and Shun, and it has been shaken at this time .
In the last years of Xia Yu, although Yu was forced to recommend Yi as the leader of the tribal alliance in the form of the democratic concession system, the real power of the tribal alliance was in the hands of his son Yiyiqi. After Yu's death, the tribal leaders Chao Kai did not Chao Yi, forcing Yi to resign as the leader of the tribal alliance, escape and live in seclusion in the Jishan Mountains in the south of Dengfeng County. This shows that Xia Qi, by virtue of his father's shadow and his actual power, used violence to seize the political power, and coerced the tribes to recognize his leadership. In this way, Xia Qi established the first dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia Dynasty .
The Xia Dynasty, which was established by Xia Qing's violence, completely broke the democratic concession system of the tribal alliance in the primitive society. However, there were also larger tribes who refused to accept the violent seizure of power by Xia Qi, and rose up to resist the autocracy of the Xia Dynasty. Among them , the Hu clan was one of the tribes who resisted the autocracy of the Xia Dynasty.
According to textual research, the Youhu clan is a branch of the Si tribe of the Xia people living in Yuanyang County, Henan Province, and it is also said that the Youhu clan is the Jiuhu tribe of the Shaohao people of Dongyi. They raised troops to resist the dictatorship of the Xia Dynasty on the grounds that " Yao and Shun raised the worthy, Yu and his sons ", that is, on the grounds that Qi destroyed the democratic concession system.
course of war
The rebellion of the Hu clan was a serious event related to the life and death of the Xia Dynasty for the newly established Xia Dynasty. Xia Qi clearly realized that if resolute measures were not taken, the slavery regime established by the Xia Dynasty would be destroyed. There is a danger of subversion. In the face of the military attack of the Youhu clan, Xia Qi decisively decided to carry out military suppression, and personally led a large army to conquer. Armageddon. The exact location of Gandhi, according to experts, is in the southwestern suburbs of today's Luoyang City or the south bank of the Luohe River in Yiyang County .
"Shangshu. The Oath" records that in order to defeat the attack of the Youhu clan, Xia Qi carried out an oath-taking general mobilization before the decisive battle. In order to call this battle against the Youhu clan a righteous division and make him famous, he listed two major crimes of the Youhu clan in his speech at the oath-taking mobilization meeting, namely, "intimidating the five elements, neglecting Three positives, the use of heaven to annihilate their lives .” In layman's terms, the Hu clan deterred and insulted the heaven, and opposed and disobeyed the orders of the Xia Dynasty, which represented heaven. In order to ensure the victory of this battle against the Youhu clan, Xia Qi also promulgated the discipline at the mobilization meeting of the oath, namely "use your life and reward your ancestors", "don't use your life, kill the community . That is to say, the highest reward will be given to those who fight bravely, and those who retreat in fear of the enemy will not only kill themselves, but also kill their wives, children and other family members.
Because Xia Qi mobilized his troops before the war, promulgated strict battlefield discipline, and at the same time relied on the divine power of God, the Xia Dynasty's army fought vigorously and had high morale. After a fierce battle, the Hu clan was defeated. Some historical data say that Xia Qi and the Youhu clan fought a year-long war, Xia Qi first lost and then won, and finally the Hu clan served as a guest . The victory of the Xia Dynasty unified the tribal disputes in the Central Plains and consolidated the politics of the slave-owner autocracy of the Xia Dynasty.
war impact
The Battle of Gan is an extremely important war in Chinese history. It is the continuation of the long-term struggle between the restoration of the democratic concession system and the restoration of slavery by the tribal alliance of the primitive society. The new and advanced social system will eventually replace the remaining forces of the primitive society. a war. After this war, the Xia Dynasty, which represented the emerging slavery society, was consolidated and developed, which laid the foundation for its subsequent capitalization, which made Chinese history smoothly step into the development path of class society, and opened the way for China The history of class struggle in society has made the Chinese nation enter the ranks of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The democratic concession system of primitive society, which once had a major impact on the development of China's history, has completed its historical mission and withdrew from the historical stage.